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FC Barcelona is a Catalan club based in Barcelona, formed in 1899 by a group of Swiss, English and local players led by Joan Gamper. It has been part of the Spanish top-flight, La Liga, since the league's inception in 1928 and has won La Liga 23 times, along with 27 Copas del Rey and 5 UEFA Champions League victories. The supporters of Barcelona have played an important part in the formation of the club's Catalan identity during the club's 116-year existence. From the authoritarian rule of Spain under Miguel Primo de Rivera in 1923, which later ended with the autocratic rule of Franco, various forms of cultural oppression were enacted against Catalonia and FC Barcelona in particular, causing the club to become a symbol of rebellion, although this has been disputed. After Spain's transition to democracy in 1978, several support groups of FC Barcelona evolved, most notably the Boixos Nois, who later mixed their support of the club with a demand of secession from Spain. The arrival of Ronaldinho in 2003, and Barcelona's subsequent success in La Liga and Champions League, has been seen as crucial to an increase in the national, and worldwide, fan-base of the club. This development of a larger national fan-base has created friction between the Catalan nationalist supporters, who wish to secede from Spain, and the club's other Spanish supporters. There exist three different types of supporters of Barcelona; one is the ''soci'' or club-member, who is eligible to vote in the presidential election of the club and other matters. The ''penyes'', who are closely affiliated with the ''socis'', are fan-clubs, which in the past have been responsible for large donations to the club. Lastly there are the ordinary fans of the club, the ''culers'', who do not possess any formal membership. ==History== Before 1909, Barcelona played in various stadiums, none of which were owned by the club. On 14 March 1909, the club moved to the Camp de la Indústria which had a capacity of 6,000 people, and it was the first ground owned by the club. Barcelona moved to Les Corts in 1922, which had an initial capacity of 20,000, which was later enlarged 3-fold to 60,000. The top-row of Les Corts was the origin of the nickname ''culer'', derived from the Catalan ''cul'' ((英語:arse)), as the spectators at the first stadium, Camp de la Indústria, sat with their ''culs'' over the stand. The English author, Phil Ball, notes that "all you could see was row upon row of bums". In the mid-1940s, the club invented the notion of ''penyes'', a mix between a fan club and a financial support club, during a time when the club was in need of financial and public support in face of the hostility of Francisco Franco's dictatorship. The first ''Penya Solera'', was formed in 1944 by a group of supporters and former players of the team.〔Ball, Phil. pp. 110-111〕 The ''penyes'' would later exhibit their financial prowess in 1953, when they proposed the building of the Camp Nou. Inspiration was drawn from the financial plan Athletic Bilbao, a rival team, used to build San Mamés, where an association of ''penyes'' pledged to finance the construction. As a result, the subsequent construction of the stadium put the club into its supporters' hands, giving the ''penyes'' political influence over the club, which still lasts today.〔Ball, Phil. p. 111-112〕 During the same period, Franco's oppression of Catalonia caused the relationship between the club and its supporters to change. For the supporters, FC Barcelona became synonymous with Catalonia, a feeling incorporated in the club's ''Més que un club'' motto ((英語:More than a club)). The socio-political impulse ''Visca el Barça'' (Long live Barça), gradually evolved into ''Visca el Barça i visca Catalunya'' (Long live Barça and Catalonia) and was the same as a protest-song against the central government in Madrid.〔Farred, Grant pp. 88-90〕 In 1975, the death of Franco marked the beginning of Spain's transition into a democracy and four years later, Josep Lluís Núñez became the first elected president of FC Barcelona. Since then, the members of Barcelona, called ''socios'', have elected a club president.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=History part IV )〕〔Ball, Phil p. 85〕 In the early 1980s, one of the most notorious ''penyes'', the Boixos Nois ((英語:Crazy Boys)) was founded.〔Ball, Phil p.112〕 The ''peña'' who identified with left-wing separatism, repeatedly demanded the resignation of president Núñez, openly defying his presidency through chants and banners at matches. At the same time, the city of Barcelona experienced a rise in the number of skinheads, who identified with right-wing separatism. The skinheads slowly moved the Boixos Nois' political ideology from liberalism to fascism, which caused fractions within the group.〔Spaaij, Ramón p. 291-292〕 Inspired by British hooligans, the remaining Boixos Nois became violent, which often lead to mass-scale arrests.〔Spaaij, Ramón p. 293〕 According to the protest organisation ''L'Elephant Blau'' ((英語:The Blue Elephant)), formed in part by later-president Joan Laporta in 1998, the former president Núñez promoted the emergence of skinheads among the Boixos and gave them permission to roam freely around the stadium, using them for his own political gain.〔King, Anthony p. 242〕 When Núñez resigned in 2000, his vice-president Joan Gaspart took over as president. Gaspart publicly expressed his sympathies for Boixos Nois, claiming that he would join the group as soon as he resigned as chairman. The comment caused the Boixos Nois members to occasionally be referred to as 'the chairman's boys'.〔Spaaij, Ramon p. 304〕 The same year saw the controversial transfer of the Barcelona vice-captain Luís Figo to arch-rivals Real Madrid. When Figo returned to the Camp Nou with his new club in November 2002, the Boixos responded to Figo's perceived treachery by whistling and jeering whenever he went near the ball. The abuse peaked when the Boixos threw a severed pig's head at him, while he was taking a corner. The match has since been known in Spain as the "Partido de la Vergüenza" ((英語:The Game of Shame)). It was suspended for 13 minutes by the referee, who took the players off the pitch because of fears for their safety. It ended in a 0–0 draw. During the first decade of the new millennium, president Joan Laporta, a supporter of Catalonian nationalism, repeatedly expressed his support of Catalonia's secession from Spain and characterised the club as the symbol for Catalonian separatism. The politicalisation of the club drew criticism from several club members who accused Laporta of alienating Barcelona fans, both within and outside of Catalunya. By 2003 Barcelona had 1,200 ''penyes'' around the world, causing other Spanish clubs to copy the concept. With each individual ''peña'' (Castillian Spanish spelling) having different names and rules, it has become a custom in Spain to name a new ''peña'' after their favourite player or match, and in turn the player usually attends to the inaugural supper.〔 In the presidential election of 2010, the rise in club-members during the last seven years caused the campaign to focus on whether to allow votes from non-Catalan members, through internet or post. The balloting committee decided to only allow votes from members who registered at the home stadium on the day of the election. As of November 2010, membership of the club is no longer open to the public. Only close relatives to current and former FC Barcelona members can join the club as well as previous members with at least a two-year history of membership. This ruling however will not apply to children under the age of 15. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Supporters of FC Barcelona」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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